Therefore, in contrast to biological and psychiatric differences, the study of sociological differences has not been completely investigated. Some studies have examined social factors, including work characteristics and family responsibilities, which could explain differences in gender insomnia however, the results are inconsistent ( 19, 28). Many studies have found that gender differences impact health ( 25– 27). Third, the sociological approach to insomnia focuses on gender inequality in work characteristics and family responsibilities ( 25). Second, mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression can also cause insomnia ( 22) and are more common in women than in men ( 23, 24). Studies have shown that sex steroids, such as progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone can affect the difference in sleep patterns between men and women ( 21). First, biological explanations suggest that innate physiological differences between men and women cause insomnia. There are three possible explanations for this gender difference in the prevalence of insomnia: biological differences, prior psychiatric illnesses, and sociological differences ( 19, 20). Insomnia is 1.3–2.0 times more common in women than in men ( 19). reported that women had a significantly higher prevalence of insomnia than men ( 17, 18). In addition, lack of sleep caused by long working hours and shift works affects patient safety, including increased surgical complications, adverse drug events, and misdiagnoses ( 14– 16).Ī meta-analysis of Zhang et al. Several studies have confirmed that sleep problems significantly affect the risk of cardiovascular disease, immune disorders, cancer, and anxiety ( 9– 11) and are also associated with an increased risk of work-related injuries, such as needle stick injuries ( 12, 13). Paying attention to sleep problems is crucial because it affects the health and safety of healthcare workers (HCWs). In addition, up to 40% in India and 48.5% in China of HCWs in tertiary hospitals who had long working hours and shift works were likely to cause insomnia ( 7, 8).
Several studies have reported a higher prevalence of sleep problems among healthcare workers, including 21–65.5% in China ( 2, 3), 30.7% in Japan ( 4), 43% in Iran ( 5), and 73.4% in the United States ( 6). The prevalence in the general population ranged from 2.3 to 25.5% ( 1). Sleep problems, especially insomnia, are a common public health concern in many countries ( 1). Furthermore, women had a higher association of insomnia owing to these factors.Ĭonclusion: These results suggest that gender differences in insomnia among HCWs are mainly explained by gender differences in work characteristics and family responsibilities. Stratified analyses revealed that significant gender differences were found among HCWs with comparatively unfavorable work and family conditions. Results: The prevalence of insomnia in women (61.7%) was significantly higher than that in men (52.7%), and gender differences strengthened after adjusting for work characteristics and family responsibilities. Logistic regression analysis examined howwork characteristics and family responsibilities explained gender differences in insomnia. Work characteristics and family responsibilities were as follows: department, working hours, shift work, visual display terminals used at work, demand-control-support model, burnout level, breadwinner status, living conditions, and caregiver status. Insomnia was evaluated using the Chinese Athens Insomnia Scale. All data were obtained by a self-administered questionnaire given when participants underwent annual health check-ups. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 22 departments of two tertiary hospitals in Northern Taiwan from December 2018 to March 2019. This study aimed to clarify whether gender differences in insomnia could be explained by gender differences in work characteristics and family responsibilities among HCWs in tertiary hospitals in Taiwan.
3Department of Nursing, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwanīackground: Insomnia is common among healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those working in tertiary hospitals.2Department of Occupation Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.1Department of Family Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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